A 924 bp dna fragment from a highly conserved area of the mycobacterial 16s rrna gene was amplified using mycobacteria genusspecific primers and digested with restriction enzymes bani. The infection usually presents as a localized granuloma but can evolve into an ascending lymphangitis that. Mycobacterium marinum causes a chronic progressive fish disease found in freshwater, saltwater, and brackish environments. It is believed that an adult zebrafish model is more useful in drug screening because, apart from assessment of efficacy, one can obtain data on dosage. Skin infections with mycobacterium marinum in humans are relatively uncommon and are usually acquired from contact with contents of aquariums or fish. Mycobacterium marinum infection of adult zebrafish causes. We previously observed that marco is induced during s. Furthermore, genetic comparisons of mycobacterium isolates have revealed identical strains of m. Entire fish were homogenized and dilution plated on selective 7h10. Mycobacterium is a genus of actinobacteria, given its own family, the mycobacteriaceae. A molecular characterization of two mycobacterium marinum genes, 16s rrna and hsp65, was carried out with a total of 21 isolates from various species of fish from both marine and freshwater environments of israel, europe, and the far east. Strategies to mitigate a mycobacterium marinum outbreak in a. Mycobacterium marinum lives in aquatic environments, where it causes disease in many poikilodermic fish species living in fresh or saltwater. Here we describe a 16h protocol spanning 22 d, in which zebrafish larvae.
Strategies to mitigate a mycobacterium marinum outbreak in. Mycobacterium marinum definition of mycobacterium marinum. A system that allows for such a screen might illuminate novel host contributions to resistance. The monarch initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. The greek prefix mycomeans fungus, alluding to the way. Mycobacterium marinum causes tuberculosis in fish and can cause skin infections in humans who swim in contaminated water or who have direct contact with infected fish. Mycobacterium marinum infection of poikilothermic animals, such as fish and frogs, results in chronic granulomatous diseases that bear many similarities to mycobacterioses in mammals, including tuberculosis. Mycobacteriosis is a common disease of laboratory zebrafish danio rerio. Transmission of mycobacterium marinum from fish to a very. It is found mostly living in the mulm along the bottom and fish looking for food there perhaps with an small injury to its mouth or if a predatory fish eats an. Invasive mycobacterium marinum infections volume 9. Mycobacterium marinum emory environmental health and.
The manifestations include granulomatous lesions, predominantly with acral. Transmission of mycobacterium chelonae and mycobacterium. It was first recognized to cause human disease in 1951. M marinum infection commonly develops as a complication of skin and softtissue injuries exposed to aquatic equipment such as fish lines and fishhooks, among others. Mycobacterium marinum is an aquatically acquired pathogen responsible for a cutaneous infection commonly referred to as fish tank granuloma or swimming pool granuloma. Two of the mycobacteria that infect our fish also infect man, thats mycobacterium fortuitum and mycobacterium marinum. Unrestrained proliferation and death within 16 days for all of the fish categorized as having had the acute disease was noted, whereas.
Fish are infected by ingesting the bacteria in unpasteurized food or through abrasions in the skin. Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Biofilm formation and biocide susceptibility testing of mycobacterium fortuitum and mycobacterium marinum. Mycobacterium marinum is an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. M marinum is waterborne atypical mycobacterium species that commonly infects fish and amphibians. The infection by mycobacterium marinum in humans also known as aquarium granuloma, swimming pool granuloma or fish tank granuloma 1 is an uncommon disease that mainly affects the skin, usually with a chronic, indolent and benign evolution 1. The manifestations include granulomatous lesions, predominantly with acral distribution, that. Pdf attenuated mycobacterium marinum protects zebrafish. Mycobacterium, aerobic, grampositive, pleomorphic rods which are members of the order actinomycetales and family mycobacteriaceae. However after losing quite a few fish to what i know is tb, i am positive that that is what linas fish have. Attenuated mycobacterium marinum protects zebrafish against mycobacteriosis article pdf available in journal of fish diseases 334.
Mycobacteria are widespread in the environment, particularly in aquatic reservoirs. In some occasions it can spread as a nodular lymphangitis, extend to deep structures as well as in exceptional cases disseminate systemicaly. Delay of diagnosis is common, and invasion into deeper structures such as synovia, bursae, and bone occurs in approximately one third of reported casepatients. Mycobacteriosis, the stealth disease details articles.
The agent, mycobacterium marinum, is a rodshaped, gram positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming bacterium1. The zebrafish, a genetically tractable model vertebrate, is naturally susceptible to tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium marinum, a close genetic relative of the causative agent of human tuberculosis, mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium species found in cold or warm, fresh or salted water. Mycobacterium marinum infectious disease and antimicrobial. Fish must not come into direct contact with ice add four times the volume of ice on top of water monitor water temperature with a thermometer keep fish in chilled water until 20 minutes after orientation loss and operculum movement cessation remove fish and store in freezer until appropriate carcass disposal 38. Mycobacterium marinum is a topic covered in the johns hopkins abx guide to view the entire topic, please sign in or purchase a subscription official website of the johns hopkins antibiotic abx, hiv, diabetes, and psychiatry guides, powered by unbound medicine. Mycobacterium marinum an overview sciencedirect topics. The zebrafish model mimics certain aspects of human tuberculosis, such as the formation of granulomalike lesions and the ability to establish either an acute or a chronic infection based upon inoculum. An important new isolate of mycobacterium that causes disease in wild striped bass morone saxatilis in the chesapeake bay was reported in 2001. Her fish went through the same cycle of various stages of symptoms my fish did, and the cycling process would not have recreated all the symptoms, in the right order, that my fish showed in a mature tank when they were dying of tb.
M any species of mycobacteria are associated with mycobacterial infections of zebrafish 1,2 and most are considered opportunistic pathogens. Different infection patterns occur in zebrafish depending on mycobacterial species. Jan 28, 2007 however after losing quite a few fish to what i know is tb, i am positive that that is what linas fish have. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.
We report the case study of an 18monthold girl with m. Passed from fish to humans through breaks in the skin. Some cases have been reported in reptiles housed in aquaria previously used for fish. The finding of the same strains in fish and biofilms presents a question of which is the source and. The first report of a mycobacterium isolated in fish very likely m. The two most important species causing mycobacteriosis in fish and humans are mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium fortuitum. Helguerarepetto c, cox ra, munozsanchez jl, gonzalezymerchand ja. In 2011, the zebrafish research facility at the university of oregon experienced an outbreak of mycobacterium marinum that affected both research fish and facility staff. This typically occurs when cleaning aquariums or fish tanks, handling or cleaning fish, and swimming or working in fresh or saltwater. Fish tank granuloma a frequently misdiagnosed infection of the upper limb. Mycobacterium marinum genetic and rare diseases information. M marinum infection occurs following skin and softtissue injuries that are exposed to an aquatic environment or marine animals. Mycobacterium marinuminfected zebrafish are used to study tuberculosis.
The pathogen mycobacterium marinum, a faster growing close relative of mycobacterium tuberculosis, has a single rrna operon per genome. Medscape reference provides information on this topic. It survives in both fresh and salt water in most parts of the world. Mycobacterium marinum, a nontuberculous pathochromogen with an intermediate growth rate between rapidly and slowly growing mycobacteria, belongs to group i of the runyon classification. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis, morbidity and mortality in fish. Jun 04, 2019 mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium species found in cold or warm, fresh or salted water. Adult fish fed a gelatin food matrix containing mycobacteria within paramecia or mycobacteria alone for 2 wk resulted in infections when examined.
We report here the development of a pathogenesis model utilizing mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish danio rerio for the study of mycobacterial disease. The zebrafish, one of the favourite animals of developmental biologists, is rapidly gaining ground in infection models. Mycobacterium marinum is a free swimming bacteria which is found in both fresh and salt water and is one of the ever present background bacteria which normally dont cause a problem. It is believed that an adult zebrafish model is more useful in drug screening because, apart from assessment of efficacy, one can obtain data on. Phagocytosis of mycobacteria by zebrafish macrophages is.
Fish were then killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free. Fish are the primary species affected by mycobacterium marinum. In fish, its a wasting disease, but granulomas may also be found internally, and sometimes, slow moving, nonhemorrhagic ulcers may form in the dermis, but especially on the gill cover. Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous photochromogenic mycobacterium group i of the runyon 1 classification. The diagnosis of an acute or a chronic disease in the fish was based on the strain recovered. Monarchs tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms. Various experimental infection models have been set up to study both human and fish pathogens in more detail. Mycobacterium marinum causes disease in many fish species from cold or warm, fresh or salted water, 2 and human infection follows contact with fishes or contaminated water.
Mycobacterium marinum infections in humans and tracing of its possible environmental sources. Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous environmental, atypical mycobacterium which has its natural habitat in brackish water, swimming pools, and aquarium tanks. Detection and transmission of mycobacterium marinum and. Sixtythree cases of mycobacterium marinum infection. Fish were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10 4 bacteria and housed at 25c. Zebrafishmycobacterium marinum model for mycobacterial.
Evaluation of the pathogenesis and treatment of mycobacterium. Characterization of immune response against mycobacterium. Mycobacterium marinum infections, commonly known as fish tank granuloma, produce nodular or ulcerating skin lesions on the extremities of healthy hosts. Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium that can be found in water environment. Pubmed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss mycobacterium marinum. Fish tb, mycobacterium marinum fish, tanks and ponds. Mycobacterium marinum has emerged as a suitable species for induction of tuberculosislike disease in zebrafish, and various zebrafish models larval and adult for drug screening have been proposed in the literature. Adult fish fed a gelatin food matrix containing mycobacteria within paramecia or mycobacteria alone for 2 wk resulted in infections when examined 8 wk after exposure as follows. The cell wallassociated lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids and esat6 secretion system 1 esx1 are the conserved virulence determinant of the organism. The infection usually presents as a localized granuloma but can evolve into an ascending lymphangitis that resembles. Optimization and validation of mycobacterium marinum.
The bacteria is commonly found in many water sources, so fish are exposed from their. Although aronson isolated this mycobacterium in 1926 from a fish, it was. The most interesting of these pathogens is perhaps mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and causes fish. Zebrafishmycobacterium marinum model for mycobacterial pathogenesis. Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6760 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 732 chapters. Distribution of mycobacteria in clinically healthy ornamental fish and their aquarium environment. Zebrafish and frog models of mycobacterium marinum infection.
The most interesting of these pathogens is perhaps mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and causes fish tuberculosis. Zebrafish and frog models of mycobacterium marinum. Modeling tuberculous meningitis in zebrafish using mycobacterium. The infection by mycobacterium marinum in humans also known as aquarium granuloma, swimming pool granuloma or fish tank granuloma is an uncommon disease that mainly affects the skin, usually with a chronic, indolent and benign evolution.
Infection of zebrafish with mycobacterium marinum, the closest relative of the. Attenuated mycobacterium marinum protects zebrafish against. Transmission of mycobacterium marinum from fish to a very yo. Optimization and validation of mycobacterium marinuminduced. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis mycobacterium tuberculosis and leprosy mycobacterium leprae in humans. Mycobacterium marinum is a pathogen of poikilothermic hosts such as frogs and fish, and is closely related genetically to m. We have adapted the zebrafish model of mycobacterium marinum infection. It is the agent of a characteristic skin disease known also as fish tank granuloma. Whole zebrafish were experimentally infected with either m. Weight loss, nonhealing open ulcers, a distended abdomen, loss of appetite, fin erosion, unusual coloration, popeye, spinal deformities, and listless behavior are all possible signs of infection. Human infection with mycobacterium marinum was first recognized a pathogen of aquarium fish about nine decades ago. Invasive mycobacterium marinum infections volume 9, number.
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